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    <title>Qualla: Whiskey Rebellion</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[In 1794, western Pennsylvania farmers -- who used whiskey as currency because coins were scarce -- took up arms against the new federal government's first domestic tax, prompting George Washington to personally ride at the head of 13,000 troops to crush the rebellion.]]></description>
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    <itunes:author>Qualla</itunes:author>
    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[In 1794, western Pennsylvania farmers -- who used whiskey as currency because coins were scarce -- took up arms against the new federal government's first domestic tax, prompting George Washington to personally ride at the head of 13,000 troops to crush the rebellion.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <title>Qualla: Whiskey Rebellion</title>
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      <title>Whiskey Rebellion: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Doug Kerr from Albany, NY, United States, CC BY-SA 2.0. On the western Pennsylvania frontier in the 1790s, whiskey was money. Hard currency -- gold and silver coins -- barely circulated beyond the Appalachian Mountains, so farmers distilled their surplus grain into spirits that could be bartered, traded, and stored. When Alexander Hamilton's treasury pushed through the new republic's first tax on a domestic product in 1791, targeting distilled spirits, he struck directly at the economic lifeblood of 75,000 frontier settlers. They did not take it well. What followed was the young nation's first great constitutional crisis: three years of tarring and feathering tax collectors, armed standoffs, a 7,000-person march that threatened to burn Pittsburgh to the ground, and finally George Washington himself riding west at the head of an army larger than any he had commanded in the Revolution.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Doug Kerr from Albany, NY, United States, CC BY-SA 2.0. On the western Pennsylvania frontier in the 1790s, whiskey was money. Hard currency -- gold and silver coins -- barely circulated beyond the Appalachian Mountains, so farmers distilled their surplus grain into spirits that could be bartered, traded, and stored. When Alexander Hamilton's treasury pushed through the new republic's first tax on a domestic product in 1791, targeting distilled spirits, he struck directly at the economic lifeblood of 75,000 frontier settlers. They did not take it well. What followed was the young nation's first great constitutional crisis: three years of tarring and feathering tax collectors, armed standoffs, a 7,000-person march that threatened to burn Pittsburgh to the ground, and finally George Washington himself riding west at the head of an army larger than any he had commanded in the Revolution.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/">Whiskey Rebellion on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Doug Kerr from Albany, NY, United States | CC BY-SA 2.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>1</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Whiskey Rebellion: Hamilton&apos;s Gamble</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804, Public domain. The whiskey tax was born from debt. The new federal government had inherited $54 million in obligations from the Revolutionary War, plus another $25 million owed by the states. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton consolidated this mountain of IOUs into a single national ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804, Public domain. The whiskey tax was born from debt. The new federal government had inherited $54 million in obligations from the Revolutionary War, plus another $25 million owed by the states. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton consolidated this mountain of IOUs into a single national ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/">Whiskey Rebellion on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804 | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Fury</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Ziko, CC BY-SA 3.0. The tax was structurally rigged against small producers. Large eastern distilleries could pay a flat annual fee per still, which dropped their effective rate as low as 6 cents per gallon the more they produced. Small frontier farmers, who ran their stills only during surplus seas...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Ziko, CC BY-SA 3.0. The tax was structurally rigged against small producers. Large eastern distilleries could pay a flat annual fee per still, which dropped their effective rate as low as 6 cents per gallon the more they produced. Small frontier farmers, who ran their stills only during surplus seas...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/">Whiskey Rebellion on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Ziko | CC BY-SA 3.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Whiskey Rebellion: The Battle of Bower Hill</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Andrew Adams fan, CC0. The crisis exploded in July 1794. Federal marshal David Lenox arrived in western Pennsylvania to serve writs on more than 60 delinquent distillers, summoning them to appear in Philadelphia. On July 15, he was joined by General John Neville, the federal tax inspector for the regio...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Andrew Adams fan, CC0. The crisis exploded in July 1794. Federal marshal David Lenox arrived in western Pennsylvania to serve writs on more than 60 delinquent distillers, summoning them to appear in Philadelphia. On July 15, he was joined by General John Neville, the federal tax inspector for the regio...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/">Whiskey Rebellion on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Andrew Adams fan | CC0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Whiskey Rebellion: Seven Thousand Strong at Braddock&apos;s Field</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Unidentified, Public domain. McFarlane's death radicalized the countryside. Radical leader David Bradford -- who compared himself to Robespierre -- robbed the U.S. mail leaving Pittsburgh, hoping to identify local loyalists. He then called for a military assembly at Braddock's Field, east of Pittsburgh. On A...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Unidentified, Public domain. McFarlane's death radicalized the countryside. Radical leader David Bradford -- who compared himself to Robespierre -- robbed the U.S. mail leaving Pittsburgh, hoping to identify local loyalists. He then called for a military assembly at Braddock's Field, east of Pittsburgh. On A...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/">Whiskey Rebellion on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Unidentified | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Whiskey Rebellion: Washington Rides West</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Attributed to Frederick Kemmelmeyer, Public domain. President Washington responded with both diplomacy and overwhelming force. While peace commissioners negotiated with rebel leaders in western Pennsylvania, he called upon the governors of Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania to provide militia. An army of 13,000 men a...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Attributed to Frederick Kemmelmeyer, Public domain. President Washington responded with both diplomacy and overwhelming force. While peace commissioners negotiated with rebel leaders in western Pennsylvania, he called upon the governors of Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania to provide militia. An army of 13,000 men a...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/whiskey-rebellion/">Whiskey Rebellion on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Attributed to Frederick Kemmelmeyer | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>6</itunes:episode>
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