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    <title>Qualla: Siege of Constantine</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[The 1837 French siege that broke the last autonomous Algerian beylik, driven as much by Parisian electoral politics as by military strategy.]]></description>
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    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[The 1837 French siege that broke the last autonomous Algerian beylik, driven as much by Parisian electoral politics as by military strategy.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <title>Qualla: Siege of Constantine</title>
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      <title>Siege of Constantine: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/siege-of-constantine/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Romainbehar, CC0. The decision to attack Constantine in October 1837 was made in Paris, and it was made for reasons that had little to do with Algeria. King Louis Philippe I needed a military victory before upcoming elections. His predecessor Charles X had used the 1830 invasion of Algiers the same way. The pattern was grimly efficient: send an army to North Africa, win a battle, harvest the votes. The fact that the previous expedition against Constantine, led by Bertrand Clausel in 1836, had ended in humiliating failure only made the prize more valuable. France needed revenge, and Constantine would provide it.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Romainbehar, CC0. The decision to attack Constantine in October 1837 was made in Paris, and it was made for reasons that had little to do with Algeria. King Louis Philippe I needed a military victory before upcoming elections. His predecessor Charles X had used the 1830 invasion of Algiers the same way. The pattern was grimly efficient: send an army to North Africa, win a battle, harvest the votes. The fact that the previous expedition against Constantine, led by Bertrand Clausel in 1836, had ended in humiliating failure only made the prize more valuable. France needed revenge, and Constantine would provide it.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/siege-of-constantine/">Siege of Constantine on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Romainbehar | CC0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Siege of Constantine: Princes in Competition</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/siege-of-constantine/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit «ВЭС». (СПб; 1913 год)., Public domain. The preparations were complicated by a family rivalry that would have been comic if the stakes had not been so high. Louis Philippe's two eldest sons, Prince Ferdinand Philippe and Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours, both insisted on participating. The elder prince considered it his b...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit «ВЭС». (СПб; 1913 год)., Public domain. The preparations were complicated by a family rivalry that would have been comic if the stakes had not been so high. Louis Philippe's two eldest sons, Prince Ferdinand Philippe and Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours, both insisted on participating. The elder prince considered it his b...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/siege-of-constantine/">Siege of Constantine on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: «ВЭС». (СПб; 1913 год). | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Siege of Constantine: Four Days of Bombardment</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/siege-of-constantine/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit «ВЭС». (СПб; 1913 год)., Public domain. The French Army departed Bona on October 1, harassed by Algerian fighters throughout the march. By October 9, siege batteries were positioned on the Koudiat-Aty plateau overlooking the city. For four days, French artillery pounded Constantine's walls, eventually creating two brea...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit «ВЭС». (СПб; 1913 год)., Public domain. The French Army departed Bona on October 1, harassed by Algerian fighters throughout the march. By October 9, siege batteries were positioned on the Koudiat-Aty plateau overlooking the city. For four days, French artillery pounded Constantine's walls, eventually creating two brea...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/siege-of-constantine/">Siege of Constantine on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: «ВЭС». (СПб; 1913 год). | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Siege of Constantine: The Fall of Ahmed Bey</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/siege-of-constantine/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Frédéric Lix (1830-1897), Public domain. The siege ended the Beylik of Constantine, the last autonomous Algerian province under Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Cherif. Ahmed Bey had ruled from the palace he had spent a decade building, a complex of marble columns and painted walls that celebrated his travels across the Ottoman wo...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Frédéric Lix (1830-1897), Public domain. The siege ended the Beylik of Constantine, the last autonomous Algerian province under Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Cherif. Ahmed Bey had ruled from the palace he had spent a decade building, a complex of marble columns and painted walls that celebrated his travels across the Ottoman wo...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/siege-of-constantine/">Siege of Constantine on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Frédéric Lix (1830-1897) | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Siege of Constantine: Empire as Electoral Strategy</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/siege-of-constantine/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Horace Vernet, Public domain. The siege of Constantine illustrates a pattern that would repeat itself throughout European colonial history: military campaigns launched not because of conditions in the colony but because of political needs in the metropole. Louis Philippe dissolved the Chamber of Deputies shor...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Horace Vernet, Public domain. The siege of Constantine illustrates a pattern that would repeat itself throughout European colonial history: military campaigns launched not because of conditions in the colony but because of political needs in the metropole. Louis Philippe dissolved the Chamber of Deputies shor...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/siege-of-constantine/">Siege of Constantine on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Horace Vernet | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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