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    <title>Qualla: Nushabad</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[An Iranian desert city built above a vast underground labyrinth of tunnels, trap doors, and ambush corridors where residents hid from invaders for centuries.]]></description>
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    <lastBuildDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 10:21:32 GMT</lastBuildDate>
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    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[An Iranian desert city built above a vast underground labyrinth of tunnels, trap doors, and ambush corridors where residents hid from invaders for centuries.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <itunes:name>Qualla</itunes:name>
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      <title>Qualla: Nushabad</title>
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      <title>Nushabad: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/nushabad/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0. Beneath the streets of Nushabad lies a second city. Three levels deep, connected by curving passages designed to confuse intruders, fitted with trapdoors that swallow the unwary, and accessible through secret entrances hidden inside ordinary houses -- this is Ouyi, one of the most elaborate underground refuges in the ancient world. Above ground, Nushabad is a modest Iranian city of roughly 12,000 people in the desert heartland of Isfahan Province. Below ground, it is a masterwork of defensive architecture born from centuries of insecurity.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0. Beneath the streets of Nushabad lies a second city. Three levels deep, connected by curving passages designed to confuse intruders, fitted with trapdoors that swallow the unwary, and accessible through secret entrances hidden inside ordinary houses -- this is Ouyi, one of the most elaborate underground refuges in the ancient world. Above ground, Nushabad is a modest Iranian city of roughly 12,000 people in the desert heartland of Isfahan Province. Below ground, it is a masterwork of defensive architecture born from centuries of insecurity.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/nushabad/">Nushabad on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Bernard Gagnon | CC BY-SA 4.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>1</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Nushabad: The City of Cold, Tasty Water</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/nushabad/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0. The name tells an origin story. In ancient times, a Sassanian king passing through the region stopped to drink from a local well and found the water extraordinarily clear and cold. He was so impressed that he ordered a city built around it, naming the settlement Anoushabad -- whi...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0. The name tells an origin story. In ancient times, a Sassanian king passing through the region stopped to drink from a local well and found the water extraordinarily clear and cold. He was so impressed that he ordered a city built around it, naming the settlement Anoushabad -- whi...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/nushabad/">Nushabad on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Bernard Gagnon | CC BY-SA 4.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Nushabad: Architecture of Survival</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/nushabad/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0. This region of central Iran endured centuries of raids and invasions. The inhabitants of Nushabad responded by carving a network of tunnels beneath the entire city, connecting homes, public buildings, and the main fort through underground passages. Multiple entrances were built i...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0. This region of central Iran endured centuries of raids and invasions. The inhabitants of Nushabad responded by carving a network of tunnels beneath the entire city, connecting homes, public buildings, and the main fort through underground passages. Multiple entrances were built i...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/nushabad/">Nushabad on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Bernard Gagnon | CC BY-SA 4.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>3</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Nushabad: Traps for the Unwelcome</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/nushabad/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0. The underground city's designers were not merely builders -- they were military engineers. The three-level structure was laid out so that movement between levels required going from lower to higher ground, giving defenders the advantage of elevation against anyone who managed to ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0. The underground city's designers were not merely builders -- they were military engineers. The three-level structure was laid out so that movement between levels required going from lower to higher ground, giving defenders the advantage of elevation against anyone who managed to ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/nushabad/">Nushabad on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Bernard Gagnon | CC BY-SA 4.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Nushabad: Hidden in Plain Sight</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/nushabad/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0. What makes Nushabad's underground city remarkable is its integration with the surface world. This was not a fortress or a bunker built apart from daily life. The entrances were woven into the fabric of ordinary existence -- a trapdoor beneath a kitchen floor, a passage behind a m...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0. What makes Nushabad's underground city remarkable is its integration with the surface world. This was not a fortress or a bunker built apart from daily life. The entrances were woven into the fabric of ordinary existence -- a trapdoor beneath a kitchen floor, a passage behind a m...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/nushabad/">Nushabad on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Bernard Gagnon | CC BY-SA 4.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
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