<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
     xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd"
     xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
     xmlns:podcast="https://podcastindex.org/namespace/1.0"
     xmlns:psc="http://podlove.org/simple-chapters">
  <channel>
    <title>Qualla: Gondrani</title>
    <link>https://qualla.com/gondrani</link>
    <description><![CDATA[A mysterious cave city carved into rock near Bela in Balochistan, believed to be the remains of an eighth-century Buddhist monastery, whose exact builders and purpose remain unknown to this day.]]></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>© 2026 Bendyline</copyright>
    <lastBuildDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 10:21:31 GMT</lastBuildDate>
    <itunes:author>Qualla</itunes:author>
    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[A mysterious cave city carved into rock near Bela in Balochistan, believed to be the remains of an eighth-century Buddhist monastery, whose exact builders and purpose remain unknown to this day.]]></itunes:summary>
    <itunes:type>serial</itunes:type>
    <itunes:explicit>false</itunes:explicit>
    <itunes:image href="https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/hero-small.webp"/>
    <itunes:owner>
      <itunes:name>Qualla</itunes:name>
      <itunes:email>support@bendyline.com</itunes:email>
    </itunes:owner>
    <itunes:category text="Society &amp; Culture">
        <itunes:category text="Places &amp; Travel"/>
    </itunes:category>
    <podcast:locked>yes</podcast:locked>
    <image>
      <url>https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/hero-small.webp</url>
      <title>Qualla: Gondrani</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/gondrani</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Gondrani: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/gondrani/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit SALMAN SHAIKH, CC BY-SA 4.0. Twenty kilometers north of the town of Bela in Pakistan's Balochistan province, a hillside riddled with caves stares out over the Lasbela District like a honeycomb of vanished lives. Gondrani -- also known as Shehr-e-Roghan, the "City of Ghee" -- is an archaeological site whose origins no one can fully explain. Dozens of chambers have been carved into the rock face, some interconnected, others isolated, all empty of the people who once inhabited them. Historians believe this was a large Buddhist monastery dating to the eighth century, when the region was part of a Buddhist kingdom. But the exact identity of the builders, their reasons for choosing this hillside, and the circumstances of their departure remain subjects of scholarly debate.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit SALMAN SHAIKH, CC BY-SA 4.0. Twenty kilometers north of the town of Bela in Pakistan's Balochistan province, a hillside riddled with caves stares out over the Lasbela District like a honeycomb of vanished lives. Gondrani -- also known as Shehr-e-Roghan, the "City of Ghee" -- is an archaeological site whose origins no one can fully explain. Dozens of chambers have been carved into the rock face, some interconnected, others isolated, all empty of the people who once inhabited them. Historians believe this was a large Buddhist monastery dating to the eighth century, when the region was part of a Buddhist kingdom. But the exact identity of the builders, their reasons for choosing this hillside, and the circumstances of their departure remain subjects of scholarly debate.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/gondrani/">Gondrani on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: SALMAN SHAIKH | CC BY-SA 4.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-intro.mp3</guid>
      <enclosure url="https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-intro.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" length="100000"/>
      <itunes:duration>0:06</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:episode>1</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:image href="https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-intro-cover.jpg"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gondrani: Caves Without a Clear Past</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/gondrani/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit SALMAN SHAIKH, CC BY-SA 4.0. The mystery of Gondrani lies in the gap between what can be seen and what can be proved. The caves show characteristics consistent with Buddhist monastic architecture, but according to the Journal of the Society for South Asian Studies, the site cannot be conclusively linked to B...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit SALMAN SHAIKH, CC BY-SA 4.0. The mystery of Gondrani lies in the gap between what can be seen and what can be proved. The caves show characteristics consistent with Buddhist monastic architecture, but according to the Journal of the Society for South Asian Studies, the site cannot be conclusively linked to B...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/gondrani/">Gondrani on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: SALMAN SHAIKH | CC BY-SA 4.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-caves-without-a-clear-past.mp3</guid>
      <enclosure url="https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-caves-without-a-clear-past.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" length="100000"/>
      <itunes:duration>0:06</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:image href="https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-caves-without-a-clear-past-cover.jpg"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gondrani: The City of Ghee</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/gondrani/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit SALMAN SHAIKH, CC BY-SA 4.0. The alternative name Shehr-e-Roghan -- City of Ghee, or clarified butter -- suggests a folk tradition about the settlement's former prosperity. In a region where animal husbandry has been central to survival for millennia, a city associated with ghee would have been a place of ab...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit SALMAN SHAIKH, CC BY-SA 4.0. The alternative name Shehr-e-Roghan -- City of Ghee, or clarified butter -- suggests a folk tradition about the settlement's former prosperity. In a region where animal husbandry has been central to survival for millennia, a city associated with ghee would have been a place of ab...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/gondrani/">Gondrani on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: SALMAN SHAIKH | CC BY-SA 4.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-the-city-of-ghee.mp3</guid>
      <enclosure url="https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-the-city-of-ghee.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" length="100000"/>
      <itunes:duration>0:06</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:episode>3</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:image href="https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-the-city-of-ghee-cover.jpg"/>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gondrani: A Landscape of Lost Faiths</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/gondrani/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit SALMAN SHAIKH, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gondrani's significance extends beyond its own mystery. It is part of a broader pattern of Buddhist presence along the Makran coast and in the interior valleys of Balochistan -- a presence that was largely erased by successive waves of conquest and conversion beginning in the sev...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit SALMAN SHAIKH, CC BY-SA 4.0. Gondrani's significance extends beyond its own mystery. It is part of a broader pattern of Buddhist presence along the Makran coast and in the interior valleys of Balochistan -- a presence that was largely erased by successive waves of conquest and conversion beginning in the sev...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/gondrani/">Gondrani on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: SALMAN SHAIKH | CC BY-SA 4.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-a-landscape-of-lost-faiths.mp3</guid>
      <enclosure url="https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-a-landscape-of-lost-faiths.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" length="100000"/>
      <itunes:duration>0:06</itunes:duration>
      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
      <itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
      <itunes:image href="https://qualla.com/_m/t/k/x/n/gondrani-wp/tkxn-gondrani-a-landscape-of-lost-faiths-cover.jpg"/>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
