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    <title>Qualla: Didymoteicho Fortress</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[A Byzantine hilltop fortress in northeastern Greece where the Ottomans first defeated a European army on European soil and where a Swedish king sat out his exile.]]></description>
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    <copyright>© 2026 Bendyline</copyright>
    <lastBuildDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 10:21:30 GMT</lastBuildDate>
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    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[A Byzantine hilltop fortress in northeastern Greece where the Ottomans first defeated a European army on European soil and where a Swedish king sat out his exile.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <itunes:name>Qualla</itunes:name>
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      <title>Qualla: Didymoteicho Fortress</title>
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      <title>Didymoteicho Fortress: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/didymoteicho-fortress/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Aramgar, CC BY-SA 3.0. In October 1352, two Byzantine emperors fought each other on a plain below the walls of a Thracian fortress called Didymoteicho. John V Palaiologos had Serbian troops with him, sent by Stefan Dušan, the Serbian tsar. John VI Kantakouzenos had something more interesting: a contingent of Ottoman cavalry led by Orhan, the bey whose father had built the small Anatolian beylik that would eventually become an empire. The Ottomans were the difference. They scattered the Serbs, Kantakouzenos kept his throne, and somewhere on the field below this castle the Ottoman army crossed a threshold for the first time. They had won a battle in Europe. Stefan Dušan, watching from Serbia, understood instantly what he was seeing, and the rest of the continent took the next century to catch up.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Aramgar, CC BY-SA 3.0. In October 1352, two Byzantine emperors fought each other on a plain below the walls of a Thracian fortress called Didymoteicho. John V Palaiologos had Serbian troops with him, sent by Stefan Dušan, the Serbian tsar. John VI Kantakouzenos had something more interesting: a contingent of Ottoman cavalry led by Orhan, the bey whose father had built the small Anatolian beylik that would eventually become an empire. The Ottomans were the difference. They scattered the Serbs, Kantakouzenos kept his throne, and somewhere on the field below this castle the Ottoman army crossed a threshold for the first time. They had won a battle in Europe. Stefan Dušan, watching from Serbia, understood instantly what he was seeing, and the rest of the continent took the next century to catch up.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/didymoteicho-fortress/">Didymoteicho Fortress on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Aramgar | CC BY-SA 3.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Didymoteicho Fortress: The Hill and the River</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/didymoteicho-fortress/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit User:Ggia, CC BY-SA 3.0. Didymoteicho stands at the edge of modern Greece, kilometers from the Turkish border, the Bulgarian frontier just to the north. The fortress occupies a steep hill above the Erythropotamos River and the old road south to Constantinople. The position has been valuable for as long a...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit User:Ggia, CC BY-SA 3.0. Didymoteicho stands at the edge of modern Greece, kilometers from the Turkish border, the Bulgarian frontier just to the north. The fortress occupies a steep hill above the Erythropotamos River and the old road south to Constantinople. The position has been valuable for as long a...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/didymoteicho-fortress/">Didymoteicho Fortress on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: User:Ggia | CC BY-SA 3.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Didymoteicho Fortress: Sieges and Owners</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/didymoteicho-fortress/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit User:Ggia, CC BY-SA 3.0. In 1206, the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan exploited the chaos following the Fourth Crusade's sack of Constantinople and besieged the fortress, then known as Demotika. The Latin Empire took it next. In 1303 the Byzantines recovered it, and the master builder Constantine Tarchaneiotes re...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit User:Ggia, CC BY-SA 3.0. In 1206, the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan exploited the chaos following the Fourth Crusade's sack of Constantinople and besieged the fortress, then known as Demotika. The Latin Empire took it next. In 1303 the Byzantines recovered it, and the master builder Constantine Tarchaneiotes re...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/didymoteicho-fortress/">Didymoteicho Fortress on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: User:Ggia | CC BY-SA 3.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Didymoteicho Fortress: The Swedish King</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/didymoteicho-fortress/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit User:Ggia, CC BY-SA 3.0. Charles XII of Sweden lost the Battle of Poltava in 1709 against Peter the Great and fled south into Ottoman territory with what remained of his army. The Ottoman authorities housed him at Bender in modern Moldova for several years, then in 1713, after a violent confrontation cal...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit User:Ggia, CC BY-SA 3.0. Charles XII of Sweden lost the Battle of Poltava in 1709 against Peter the Great and fled south into Ottoman territory with what remained of his army. The Ottoman authorities housed him at Bender in modern Moldova for several years, then in 1713, after a violent confrontation cal...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/didymoteicho-fortress/">Didymoteicho Fortress on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: User:Ggia | CC BY-SA 3.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Didymoteicho Fortress: Ruin and Persistence</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/didymoteicho-fortress/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit User:Ggia, CC BY-SA 3.0. By 1848 the fortress was in serious ruin. The two Russo-Turkish wars of the nineteenth century, in 1828 to 1829 and 1877 to 1878, had brought Russian armies through the area and accelerated the damage. After Greek independence and the Balkan Wars, Didymoteicho came under Greek co...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit User:Ggia, CC BY-SA 3.0. By 1848 the fortress was in serious ruin. The two Russo-Turkish wars of the nineteenth century, in 1828 to 1829 and 1877 to 1878, had brought Russian armies through the area and accelerated the damage. After Greek independence and the Balkan Wars, Didymoteicho came under Greek co...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/didymoteicho-fortress/">Didymoteicho Fortress on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: User:Ggia | CC BY-SA 3.0</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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