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    <title>Qualla: Chagai-II</title>
    <link>https://qualla.com/chagai-ii</link>
    <description><![CDATA[The site in Pakistan's Kharan Desert where the country's second nuclear test turned a small hillock into a crater on May 30, 1998, completing a sequence that made Pakistan the world's seventh declared nuclear state.]]></description>
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    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[The site in Pakistan's Kharan Desert where the country's second nuclear test turned a small hillock into a crater on May 30, 1998, completing a sequence that made Pakistan the world's seventh declared nuclear state.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <title>Qualla: Chagai-II</title>
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      <title>Chagai-II: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/chagai-ii/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Public domain. Where a small hillock once rose from the rolling Kharan Desert, there is now a crater. On May 30, 1998 -- two days after Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices beneath the granite of the Ras Koh Hills -- a single boosted fission weapon was lowered into an L-shaped horizontal shaft in this remote corner of Balochistan and fired. The blast yield measured 20 kilotons of TNT equivalent, confirmed by the Theoretical Physics Group and later corroborated by Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan himself. Chagai-II, as the test was codenamed, completed Pakistan's entry into the nuclear club and remade the geopolitics of South Asia in a weekend.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Public domain. Where a small hillock once rose from the rolling Kharan Desert, there is now a crater. On May 30, 1998 -- two days after Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices beneath the granite of the Ras Koh Hills -- a single boosted fission weapon was lowered into an L-shaped horizontal shaft in this remote corner of Balochistan and fired. The blast yield measured 20 kilotons of TNT equivalent, confirmed by the Theoretical Physics Group and later corroborated by Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan himself. Chagai-II, as the test was codenamed, completed Pakistan's entry into the nuclear club and remade the geopolitics of South Asia in a weekend.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/chagai-ii/">Chagai-II on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Department of Defense, Department of Energy | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Chagai-II: A Desert Chosen for Its Emptiness</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/chagai-ii/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Public domain. The search for a suitable test site began more than two decades before the weapon was ready. In 1976, nuclear physicist Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad and seismologist Dr. Ahsan Mubarak conducted a three-dimensional geological survey of the Kharan region, a desert valley squeezed between the R...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Public domain. The search for a suitable test site began more than two decades before the weapon was ready. In 1976, nuclear physicist Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad and seismologist Dr. Ahsan Mubarak conducted a three-dimensional geological survey of the Kharan region, a desert valley squeezed between the R...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/chagai-ii/">Chagai-II on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Department of Defense, Department of Energy | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Chagai-II: Tunnels Beneath the Sand</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/chagai-ii/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Public domain. The Special Development Works division constructed what amounted to a hidden underground complex: 24 cold test sites, 46 short tunnels, and 35 subterranean accommodations for troops, command centers, and monitoring stations. The main test shaft stretched 300 meters in an L-shaped...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Public domain. The Special Development Works division constructed what amounted to a hidden underground complex: 24 cold test sites, 46 short tunnels, and 35 subterranean accommodations for troops, command centers, and monitoring stations. The main test shaft stretched 300 meters in an L-shaped...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/chagai-ii/">Chagai-II on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Department of Defense, Department of Energy | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Chagai-II: Thirty-Six Hours Between Tests</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/chagai-ii/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Public domain. Chagai-II did not happen in isolation. On May 28, Pakistan had conducted Chagai-I -- five simultaneous detonations inside the Ras Koh granite mountains, a direct response to India's Pokhran-II tests earlier that month. The second test, two days later, used a different site and a ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Public domain. Chagai-II did not happen in isolation. On May 28, Pakistan had conducted Chagai-I -- five simultaneous detonations inside the Ras Koh granite mountains, a direct response to India's Pokhran-II tests earlier that month. The second test, two days later, used a different site and a ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/chagai-ii/">Chagai-II on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Department of Defense, Department of Energy | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Chagai-II: A Crater Where a Hill Once Stood</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/chagai-ii/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Public domain. Today the Kharan test site is a place defined by absence. The hillock that marked ground zero is gone, replaced by a depression in the desert floor. The tunnels and monitoring stations remain buried beneath sand and silence. No monument marks the spot -- the desert itself serves ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Public domain. Today the Kharan test site is a place defined by absence. The hillock that marked ground zero is gone, replaced by a depression in the desert floor. The tunnels and monitoring stations remain buried beneath sand and silence. No monument marks the spot -- the desert itself serves ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/chagai-ii/">Chagai-II on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Department of Defense, Department of Energy | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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