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    <title>Qualla: Battle of Manupur</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[A 1748 clash between Ahmad Shah Durrani's outnumbered Afghans and the vast Mughal army, decided by a freak rocket explosion and a desperate counterattack on the plains of Punjab.]]></description>
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    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[A 1748 clash between Ahmad Shah Durrani's outnumbered Afghans and the vast Mughal army, decided by a freak rocket explosion and a desperate counterattack on the plains of Punjab.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <title>Qualla: Battle of Manupur</title>
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      <title>Battle of Manupur: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. On the morning of March 11, 1748, Mughal Vizier Qamar ud-Din knelt in prayer inside his command tent. A cannonball struck him in the waist. Afghan spies had measured the distance from a hilltop artillery piece to the vizier's position with lethal precision. His son, Moin ul-Mulk, concealed the death from the army and took command on the spot. What followed was one of the most chaotic and consequential battles in the twilight of Mughal India -- a day when an Afghan force of 12,000 nearly shattered an army five times its size, only to be undone by an accident no commander could have foreseen.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. On the morning of March 11, 1748, Mughal Vizier Qamar ud-Din knelt in prayer inside his command tent. A cannonball struck him in the waist. Afghan spies had measured the distance from a hilltop artillery piece to the vizier's position with lethal precision. His son, Moin ul-Mulk, concealed the death from the army and took command on the spot. What followed was one of the most chaotic and consequential battles in the twilight of Mughal India -- a day when an Afghan force of 12,000 nearly shattered an army five times its size, only to be undone by an accident no commander could have foreseen.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/">Battle of Manupur on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Hunhar | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>1</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Battle of Manupur: The Road Through Lahore</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. Ahmad Shah Durrani had founded his empire just a year earlier, in 1747, and he was already reaching for India. His commander-in-chief, Jahan Khan, swept through Jalalabad and Peshawar so quickly that the Mughal governor fled without a fight. Pashtun tribes -- the Yusufzai, Afridi...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. Ahmad Shah Durrani had founded his empire just a year earlier, in 1747, and he was already reaching for India. His commander-in-chief, Jahan Khan, swept through Jalalabad and Peshawar so quickly that the Mughal governor fled without a fight. Pashtun tribes -- the Yusufzai, Afridi...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/">Battle of Manupur on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Hunhar | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Battle of Manupur: Twelve Thousand Against Sixty Thousand</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. The numbers were staggering. Ahmad Shah had roughly 12,000 fighting men. The Mughals fielded between 60,000 and 70,000 combatants, with heavy artillery concentrated in their center. Recognizing he could not win a war of attrition, Ahmad Shah designed his battle around speed and d...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. The numbers were staggering. Ahmad Shah had roughly 12,000 fighting men. The Mughals fielded between 60,000 and 70,000 combatants, with heavy artillery concentrated in their center. Recognizing he could not win a war of attrition, Ahmad Shah designed his battle around speed and d...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/">Battle of Manupur on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Hunhar | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Manupur: The Rockets That Changed Everything</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. With the Rajput flank gone, the Afghans plundered the Mughal baggage train and flanked Moin ul-Mulk's position. Defeat seemed certain for the Mughals. Then Safdar Jang, commanding the Mughal right, made his move. When Ahmad Shah sent 700 camel-mounted swivel guns to a hilltop abo...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. With the Rajput flank gone, the Afghans plundered the Mughal baggage train and flanked Moin ul-Mulk's position. Defeat seemed certain for the Mughals. Then Safdar Jang, commanding the Mughal right, made his move. When Ahmad Shah sent 700 camel-mounted swivel guns to a hilltop abo...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/">Battle of Manupur on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Hunhar | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Battle of Manupur: A Retreat Worth Studying</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. Ahmad Shah Durrani had lost the battle, but he refused to lose his army. Rather than flee, he withdrew in disciplined order, arraying his men for battle and trading volleys of musket fire with the pursuing Mughals. He occupied a mud fortress between Manupur and Sirhind, using it ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. Ahmad Shah Durrani had lost the battle, but he refused to lose his army. Rather than flee, he withdrew in disciplined order, arraying his men for battle and trading volleys of musket fire with the pursuing Mughals. He occupied a mud fortress between Manupur and Sirhind, using it ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/">Battle of Manupur on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Hunhar | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Battle of Manupur: Nine Invasions and a New Order</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. The Mughal victory at Manupur proved hollow. Ahmad Shah returned to Afghanistan, crushed a revolt by his nephew in Kandahar, and launched his second invasion of India that November. Moin ul-Mulk was forced to cede all territories north of the Indus and pay nearly one and a half m...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photo credit Hunhar, Public domain. The Mughal victory at Manupur proved hollow. Ahmad Shah returned to Afghanistan, crushed a revolt by his nephew in Kandahar, and launched his second invasion of India that November. Moin ul-Mulk was forced to cede all territories north of the Indus and pay nearly one and a half m...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-manupur/">Battle of Manupur on Qualla</a></p><p><em>Image: Hunhar | Public domain</em></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>6</itunes:episode>
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