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    <title>Qualla: Battle of Culqualber</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[At a mountain pass in highland Ethiopia, a besieged Italian garrison and its Eritrean askari spread towels at night to collect dew, fighting on until the last commander fell.]]></description>
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    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[At a mountain pass in highland Ethiopia, a besieged Italian garrison and its Eritrean askari spread towels at night to collect dew, fighting on until the last commander fell.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <title>Qualla: Battle of Culqualber</title>
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      <title>Battle of Culqualber: Introduction</title>
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      <description><![CDATA[They spread towels on the ground at night to catch the dew. By morning, the cloth held just enough moisture to wring into canteens. This was how the garrison at Culqualber Pass drank in the autumn of 1941 - Italian Carabinieri, Blackshirts, and Eritrean askari, cut off from the water of the Guarno and Gumera rivers, reduced to harvesting humidity from the Ethiopian highlands while British forces tightened a noose around their mountain ridge at roughly 12.6 degrees north, 37.47 east.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>They spread towels on the ground at night to catch the dew. By morning, the cloth held just enough moisture to wring into canteens. This was how the garrison at Culqualber Pass drank in the autumn of 1941 - Italian Carabinieri, Blackshirts, and Eritrean askari, cut off from the water of the Guarno and Gumera rivers, reduced to harvesting humidity from the Ethiopian highlands while British forces tightened a noose around their mountain ridge at roughly 12.6 degrees north, 37.47 east.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-culqualber/">Battle of Culqualber on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Culqualber: The Last Pass to Gondar</title>
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      <description><![CDATA[The surrounding country was a jumble of ambas - flat-topped highlands - divided by ravines so deep men could not cross them on foot. One road threaded through it all toward Gondar, and that road went through the Culqualber Pass. After the Italian defeats at Keren and Amba Alagi e...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The surrounding country was a jumble of ambas - flat-topped highlands - divided by ravines so deep men could not cross them on foot. One road threaded through it all toward Gondar, and that road went through the Culqualber Pass. After the Italian defeats at Keren and Amba Alagi e...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-culqualber/">Battle of Culqualber on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Culqualber: Carabinieri and Askari</title>
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      <description><![CDATA[The garrison was not only Italian. Under Colonel Augusto Ugolini and Major Alfredo Serranti stood 360 Carabinieri and Zaptie, 675 Blackshirts, and 620 Eritrean askari of the LXVII Colonial Battalion under Major Carlo Garbieri. About two hundred African women and children - the wi...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The garrison was not only Italian. Under Colonel Augusto Ugolini and Major Alfredo Serranti stood 360 Carabinieri and Zaptie, 675 Blackshirts, and 620 Eritrean askari of the LXVII Colonial Battalion under Major Carlo Garbieri. About two hundred African women and children - the wi...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-culqualber/">Battle of Culqualber on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Culqualber: Siege by Thirst</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-culqualber/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ethiopian irregulars began cutting the supply road at the end of August, and by late September the Commonwealth forces had closed the ring. The food shrank to bargutta, a coarse flour made from fodder and animal feed. Water was worse. Carabinieri who tried to reach the rivers wer...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ethiopian irregulars began cutting the supply road at the end of August, and by late September the Commonwealth forces had closed the ring. The food shrank to bargutta, a coarse flour made from fodder and animal feed. Water was worse. Carabinieri who tried to reach the rivers wer...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-culqualber/">Battle of Culqualber on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Culqualber: The Long Patriot War</title>
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      <description><![CDATA[The besiegers were not only British and South African regulars. Among the 22,500 men gathering for the final assault were roughly 10,000 Ethiopian irregulars - the arbegnoch, the patriot resistance that had been fighting the Italian occupation since 1936. For them Culqualber was ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The besiegers were not only British and South African regulars. Among the 22,500 men gathering for the final assault were roughly 10,000 Ethiopian irregulars - the arbegnoch, the patriot resistance that had been fighting the Italian occupation since 1936. For them Culqualber was ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-culqualber/">Battle of Culqualber on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Culqualber: 21 November</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-culqualber/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The final attack began at three in the morning on 21 November 1941. Allied forces came from three directions with infantry, light tanks, and artillery. On the Km. 39 Spur and along the Costone dei Roccioni, the fighting turned hand-to-hand almost immediately. Carabinieri fought w...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The final attack began at three in the morning on 21 November 1941. Allied forces came from three directions with infantry, light tanks, and artillery. On the Km. 39 Spur and along the Costone dei Roccioni, the fighting turned hand-to-hand almost immediately. Carabinieri fought w...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-culqualber/">Battle of Culqualber on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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