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    <title>Qualla: Battle of Caldera Bay</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[A nine-minute naval engagement during Chile's 1891 civil war that sank the first ironclad ever destroyed by a self-propelled torpedo, reshaping how the world's navies thought about small, fast warships.]]></description>
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    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[A nine-minute naval engagement during Chile's 1891 civil war that sank the first ironclad ever destroyed by a self-propelled torpedo, reshaping how the world's navies thought about small, fast warships.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <title>Qualla: Battle of Caldera Bay</title>
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      <title>Battle of Caldera Bay: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nine minutes. That was all it took to change naval warfare on the morning of April 23, 1891. In the sheltered waters of Caldera Bay, on the arid coast of northern Chile, two small torpedo boats crept toward the armored frigate Blanco Encalada before dawn. By the time the engagement ended, 182 men were dead, the frigate was settling on the bay floor, and navies around the world had learned a lesson they would spend the next two decades absorbing: even the most heavily armored warship could be destroyed by a weapon costing a fraction of its price.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nine minutes. That was all it took to change naval warfare on the morning of April 23, 1891. In the sheltered waters of Caldera Bay, on the arid coast of northern Chile, two small torpedo boats crept toward the armored frigate Blanco Encalada before dawn. By the time the engagement ended, 182 men were dead, the frigate was settling on the bay floor, and navies around the world had learned a lesson they would spend the next two decades absorbing: even the most heavily armored warship could be destroyed by a weapon costing a fraction of its price.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/">Battle of Caldera Bay on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Caldera Bay: A Nation Divided Against Itself</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chile's 1891 civil war grew from a constitutional crisis. President Jose Manuel Balmaceda refused to sign the national budget passed by Congress, then dissolved the legislature altogether. The split fractured both the army and navy, with some forces loyal to the president (Balmac...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chile's 1891 civil war grew from a constitutional crisis. President Jose Manuel Balmaceda refused to sign the national budget passed by Congress, then dissolved the legislature altogether. The split fractured both the army and navy, with some forces loyal to the president (Balmac...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/">Battle of Caldera Bay on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Caldera Bay: Torpedo Nets Left Ashore</title>
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      <description><![CDATA[Blanco Encalada arrived at Caldera Bay on the evening of April 22 under Captain Goni. Troops disembarked and captured the railroad and town. Although Goni knew enemy torpedo boats were in the area, the Congressional command believed the Balmacedists would not risk attacking their...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Blanco Encalada arrived at Caldera Bay on the evening of April 22 under Captain Goni. Troops disembarked and captured the railroad and town. Although Goni knew enemy torpedo boats were in the area, the Congressional command believed the Balmacedists would not risk attacking their...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/">Battle of Caldera Bay on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Caldera Bay: A Llama, a Cow, and Two Minutes</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Almirante Condell attacked first, firing her bow torpedo. It missed and landed onshore, unexploded. Commander Moraga turned directly into the frigate's gunfire and launched both starboard torpedoes. One struck but failed to detonate. The other passed under the hull entirely. But ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Almirante Condell attacked first, firing her bow torpedo. It missed and landed onshore, unexploded. Commander Moraga turned directly into the frigate's gunfire and launched both starboard torpedoes. One struck but failed to detonate. The other passed under the hull entirely. But ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/">Battle of Caldera Bay on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Battle of Caldera Bay: The First Ironclad Killed by a Torpedo</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blanco Encalada holds a grim distinction: it was the first ironclad warship in history sunk by a self-propelled torpedo. The implications rippled through admiralties worldwide. If two small, inexpensive torpedo boats could destroy a heavily armored capital ship in minutes, the ca...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Blanco Encalada holds a grim distinction: it was the first ironclad warship in history sunk by a self-propelled torpedo. The implications rippled through admiralties worldwide. If two small, inexpensive torpedo boats could destroy a heavily armored capital ship in minutes, the ca...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/">Battle of Caldera Bay on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Battle of Caldera Bay: What the Bay Remembers</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Chilean civil war ended four months later when Congressional forces defeated the Balmacedist army at the Battle of La Placilla on August 28, with the Balmacedist forces losing nearly 1,000 men killed before Congressional troops marched into Santiago. Blanco Encalada remained ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Chilean civil war ended four months later when Congressional forces defeated the Balmacedist army at the Battle of La Placilla on August 28, with the Balmacedist forces losing nearly 1,000 men killed before Congressional troops marched into Santiago. Blanco Encalada remained ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-caldera-bay/">Battle of Caldera Bay on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>6</itunes:episode>
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