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    <title>Qualla: Battle of Amba Aradam</title>
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    <description><![CDATA[Mussolini's fascist army used mustard gas, tankettes, and 170 aircraft to crush Ras Mulugeta's Ethiopian defenders at Amba Aradam in February 1936 - one of the ugliest chapters of the Italian invasion.]]></description>
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    <itunes:summary><![CDATA[Mussolini's fascist army used mustard gas, tankettes, and 170 aircraft to crush Ras Mulugeta's Ethiopian defenders at Amba Aradam in February 1936 - one of the ugliest chapters of the Italian invasion.]]></itunes:summary>
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      <title>Qualla: Battle of Amba Aradam</title>
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      <title>Battle of Amba Aradam: Introduction</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ethiopian soldiers had 18 old field guns, about 400 machine guns, a handful of anti-aircraft pieces, and no airplanes. The Italian force attacking them had 280 artillery pieces, more than 5,000 machine guns, 170 aircraft, tankettes, and mustard gas - an illegal chemical weapon that Italy sprayed on Ethiopian soldiers and civilians from the sky. This is the war Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu's 80,000 men fought at Amba Aradam in February 1936. They lost. That they fought for days against those odds, on the steep slopes of a fortified mountain, matters. Italian journalists on the other side of the valley had been given high-powered telescopes to watch the battle unfold; Time magazine wrote it up. The Ethiopians dying on the mountain were describable from safety like a horse race. Four decades after Adwa, Italy came back with poison gas, and this time there was no Menelik to stop them.]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ethiopian soldiers had 18 old field guns, about 400 machine guns, a handful of anti-aircraft pieces, and no airplanes. The Italian force attacking them had 280 artillery pieces, more than 5,000 machine guns, 170 aircraft, tankettes, and mustard gas - an illegal chemical weapon that Italy sprayed on Ethiopian soldiers and civilians from the sky. This is the war Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu's 80,000 men fought at Amba Aradam in February 1936. They lost. That they fought for days against those odds, on the steep slopes of a fortified mountain, matters. Italian journalists on the other side of the valley had been given high-powered telescopes to watch the battle unfold; Time magazine wrote it up. The Ethiopians dying on the mountain were describable from safety like a horse race. Four decades after Adwa, Italy came back with poison gas, and this time there was no Menelik to stop them.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/">Battle of Amba Aradam on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Amba Aradam: A Return Engagement</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Benito Mussolini launched the Second Italo-Ethiopian War on 3 October 1935, invading from the Italian colony of Eritrea without a declaration of war. The opening phase under General Emilio De Bono moved slowly, and Mussolini replaced him in December with Marshal Pietro Badoglio. ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Benito Mussolini launched the Second Italo-Ethiopian War on 3 October 1935, invading from the Italian colony of Eritrea without a declaration of war. The opening phase under General Emilio De Bono moved slowly, and Mussolini replaced him in December with Marshal Pietro Badoglio. ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/">Battle of Amba Aradam on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Battle of Amba Aradam: The Asymmetry</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The forces were roughly equal in number - the Italians attacking with comparable manpower. The material difference was staggering. Italian fascist forces at Amba Aradam commanded over 5,000 machine guns, 280 pieces of artillery, and 170 aircraft of the Regia Aeronautica, some of ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The forces were roughly equal in number - the Italians attacking with comparable manpower. The material difference was staggering. Italian fascist forces at Amba Aradam commanded over 5,000 machine guns, 280 pieces of artillery, and 170 aircraft of the Regia Aeronautica, some of ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/">Battle of Amba Aradam on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Amba Aradam: The Battle, 10-15 February 1936</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At 8:00 AM on 10 February 1936, Badoglio launched his attack. Royal Italian Army troops and fascist Blackshirts led the advance, with Eritrean askari conscripts held in reserve. The I and III Army Corps advanced across the Kalamino Plain, reaching the May Gabat River by nightfall...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>At 8:00 AM on 10 February 1936, Badoglio launched his attack. Royal Italian Army troops and fascist Blackshirts led the advance, with Eritrean askari conscripts held in reserve. The I and III Army Corps advanced across the Kalamino Plain, reaching the May Gabat River by nightfall...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/">Battle of Amba Aradam on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
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      <title>Battle of Amba Aradam: A Father and a Son</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ras Mulugeta's son, Tadessa Mulugeta, served on the mountain as asmach, a traditional Ethiopian military rank. He was killed in an action against Galla tribal forces during the battle, and his body was mutilated. When news reached his father, Ras Mulugeta turned back alone to rec...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ras Mulugeta's son, Tadessa Mulugeta, served on the mountain as asmach, a traditional Ethiopian military rank. He was killed in an action against Galla tribal forces during the battle, and his body was mutilated. When news reached his father, Ras Mulugeta turned back alone to rec...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/">Battle of Amba Aradam on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Battle of Amba Aradam: War Crimes in Plain Sight</title>
      <link>https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Italian use of mustard gas in Ethiopia was not a secret. The Ethiopian government filed formal complaints with the League of Nations during and after the war, citing specific attacks on soldiers and civilians. Italian veterans later described spraying yperite from low-flying ...]]></description>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Italian use of mustard gas in Ethiopia was not a secret. The Ethiopian government filed formal complaints with the League of Nations during and after the war, citing specific attacks on soldiers and civilians. Italian veterans later described spraying yperite from low-flying ...</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://qualla.com/battle-of-amba-aradam/">Battle of Amba Aradam on Qualla</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <itunes:episode>6</itunes:episode>
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